16 Security Concerns and Best Practices

Security is one of the main issues and barriers in decisions regarding moving business applications and data to the cloud. The basic question is whether the cloud is as secure as keeping your critical applications and data in your own data center. There is probably no one simple answer to this question, as it depends on many factors.

Prominent cloud service providers like Amazon Web Services, are investing a huge number of resources so people and organizations can answer ‘yes’ to the question in the previous paragraph. AWS has introduced many features to enhance the security of its cloud. Examples are elaborate authentication and authorization schemes, secure APIs, security groups, IAM, Virtual Private Cloud (VPC), and more.

N2WS strives to be as secure as the cloud it is in. It has many features that provide you with a secure solution.

16.1 N2WS Server

N2WS Server’s security features are:

• Since you are the one who launches the N2WS server instance, it belongs to your AWS account. It is protected by security groups you control and define. It can also run in a VPC.

• All the metadata N2WS stores are stored in an EBS volume belonging to your AWS account. It can only be created, deleted, attached, or detached from within your account.

• You can only communicate with the N2WS server using HTTPS or SSH, both secure protocols, which means that all communication to and from N2WS is encrypted. Also, when connecting to AWS endpoints, N2WS will verify that the SSL server-side certificates are valid.

• Every N2WS has a unique self-signed SSL certificate. It is also possible to use your own SSL certificate.

• AWS account secret keys are saved in an encrypted format in N2WS’s database.

• N2WS supports using different AWS credentials for backup and recovery.

• N2WS Server supports IAM Roles. If the N2WS Server instance is assigned an adequate IAM role at launch time, you can use cross-account IAM roles to “assume” roles from the main IAM role of the N2WS instance account to all the other AWS accounts you manage and not type AWS credentials at all.

• To manage N2WS, you need to authenticate using a username and password.

• N2WS allows creating multiple users to separately manage the backup of different AWS accounts, except in the Free Edition.

16.2 Best Security Practices for N2WS

Implementing all or some of the following best practices depends on your company’s needs and regulations. Some of the practices may make the day-to-day work with N2WS a bit cumbersome, so it is your decision whether to implement them or not.

16.2.1 Avoid using AWS Credentials

By using the N2WS Server instance IAM role and cross-account IAM role, you can manage multiple AWS accounts without using AWS credentials (access and secret keys) at all. This is the most secure way to manage multiple AWS accounts and the one recommended by AWS.

16.2.2 Credential Rotation

Assuming you have to use AWS credentials, you should follow AWS practices. N2WS recommends that you rotate account credentials from time to time. ​

After changing credentials in AWS, you need to update them in N2WS. Select on the account name in the Accounts management screen and modify the access and secret keys.

16.2.3 Passwords Rules and Expiration

To improve user security and align with current password practices, the N2WS root user can enforce password rules and password expiration. Both are optional and can be enabled or disabled through Security settings.

• Password settings allow the root user to enforce password rules on all N2WS users (including the root user himself), to define the period for password expiration, and to enforce password expiration.

• The default is to enable password rules and password expiration for 6 months.

• Default password rules and expiration settings can be disabled by clearing their respective Enable/Enforce check boxes.

• Password settings are enforced throughout N2WS.

To set password rules, expiration, and history limit:

1. In Server Settings in the top right toolbar, select General Settings, and then select the Security & Password tab.

2. In the Password Settings section, if you want to disable the default enforcement of the password roles, clear the Enable user password rules check box.

3. If you didn’t disable the default password rules, change the various default rule options as necessary:

   1. Password must contain certain characters.

   2. Set minimum password length. Default is 8.

   3. Limit common passwords. Passwords are matched against a list of 20,000 common passwords.

   4. Restrict numeric-only passwords.

4. If you want to disable the default enforcement of password expiration and history, clear the Enforce password expiration and history check box.

5. If you didn’t disable the default enforcement of the password expiration and history, change the various default expiration and history options as necessary:

   1. Password expiration in terms of duration.

   2. Limit of number of passwords to be included in history. Default is 3, maximum is 10.

Password Enforcement

Password rules are enforced throughout all N2WS functions and features:

• Configuration Wizard

• User/Delegate creation

• Reset Password (by root user)

• Change Password (by the user itself)

In the following example, a user attempted to change their password to ‘1234’, which breaks all password rules:

Password Expiration

When the password expires, the user will see the following message after login. The user will then be transferred to a password change page.

16.2.4 Automatic Logout

Setting an automatic logout is another security best practice. Setting a Login Session Expiration value handles automatic logout from N2WS Backup & Recovery.

To set the time for automatic logout:

1. In Server Settings in the top right toolbar, select General Settings tab, and then select the Security & Password tab.

2. In the Login Session Expiration section, select the time after which the user is to be logged out.

The default logout is after 12 hours of mouse and keyboard being idle. The minimum expiration time is 3 minutes.

16.2.5 Security Groups

Since the N2WS server is an instance in your account, you can define and configure its security groups. Even though N2WS is a secure product, you can block access from unauthorized addresses:

• You need HTTPS access (original 443 port or your customized port) from:

  • Any machine which will need to open the management application

  • Machines that have N2WS Thin Backup Agent installed on them. See section 6.1.

• You will also need to allow SSH access to create and maintain backup scripts.

• Blocking anyone else will make N2WS server invisible to the world and therefore completely bullet-proof.

Learn more about AWS Security Groups and settings at https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/VPC_SecurityGroups.html

16.3 Using IAM

N2WS keeps your AWS credentials safe. However, it is preferable to use IAM roles and not use credentials at all. Additionally, N2WS will not accept root user credentials. To minimize risk, try:

• To provide credentials that are potentially less dangerous if they are compromised, or

• To set IAM roles, which will save you the need of typing in credentials at all.

You can create IAM users/roles and use them in N2WS to:

1. Create a user/role using IAM.

2. Attach a user policy to it.

3. Use the policy generator to give the user custom permissions.

An IAM role can also be used in the N2WS Server (for the account the N2WS Server was launched in) and for instances running N2WS Agent to perform the configuration stage as well as normal operations by combining some of the policies. You can attach more than one IAM policy to any IAM user or role.

The permissions that the IAM policy must have depend on what you want to policy to do. For more information about IAM, see IAM documentation: http://aws.amazon.com/documentation/iam/​

16.3.1 N2WS Server Configuration Process

AWS credentials in the N2WS configuration process are only used for configuring the new server. However, if you want to use IAM credentials for the N2WS configuration process, or to use the IAM role associated with the N2WS Server instance, its IAM policy should enable N2WS to:

• View volumes instances, tags, and security groups

• Create EBS volumes

• Attach EBS volumes to instances

• Create tags

Generally, if you want to use IAM role with the N2WS Server instance, you will need the following policy and the policies for N2WS Server’s normal operations, as described in section 16.3.2.

Minimal IAM Policy for N2WS Configuration:

{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Action": [
        "ec2:AttachVolume",
        "ec2:AuthorizeSecurityGroupEgress",
        "ec2:AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngress",
        "ec2:CreateTags",
        "ec2:CreateVolume",
        "ec2:DescribeAvailabilityZones",
        "ec2:DescribeInstanceAttribute",
        "ec2:DescribeInstanceStatus",
        "ec2:DescribeInstances",
        "ec2:DescribeSecurityGroups",
        "ec2:DescribeTags",
        "ec2:DescribeVolumeAttribute",
        "ec2:DescribeVolumeStatus",
       "ec2:DescribeVolumes"
     ],
     "Sid": "Stmt1374233119000",
     "Resource": [
       "*"
     ],
     "Effect": "Allow"
    }
  ]
}

16.3.2 N2WS Server IAM Settings

You can use the N2WS Server’s IAM role to manage backups of the same AWS account. If you manage multiple AWS accounts, you will still either need to create cross-account roles or enter the credentials for other accounts. If you want to use an IAM user for an account managed by N2WS Server (or the IAM role), you need to decide whether you want to support backup only or recovery as well. There is a substantial difference:

• For backup, you only need to manipulate snapshots.

• For recovery, you will need to create volumes, create instances, and create RDS databases. Plus, you will need to attach and detach volumes and even delete volumes. If your credentials fall into the wrong hands, recovery credentials can be more harmful.

• If you use a backup-only IAM user or role, then you will need to enter ad hoc credentials when you perform a recovery operation.

• Generally, if you want to use the IAM role with the N2WS Server instance, you will need a certain policy, or policies, for N2WS Server’s normal operations. For details, see the N2W Software Knowledge Base article on minimal IAM policies at https://support.n2ws.com/portal/kb/articles/what-are-the-required-minimal-aws-permissions-roles-for-cpm-operation​

You can check on the permissions required for AWS services and resources, such as backup, RDS, and DynamoDB, and compare them to the policies which cover the requirements.

In the Accounts tab, select an account and then select Check AWS Permissions. To expand a line, select its down arrow .

• To download a CVS report, select Permissions Check Report.

• To download a JSON file, select AWS Permissions Summary.

16.3.3 Configure N2WS’s IAM Role with CloudFormation

CloudFormation is an AWS service that allows you to treat a collection of AWS resources as one logical unit. CloudFormation provides a common language for you to describe and provision all the infrastructure resources in your cloud environment, across all regions and accounts in an automated and secure manner.

The IAM role will automatically contain the required permissions for N2WS operations. See section 20.